What occurs, when an organizational leader confronts the complexity, unpredictability and turbulence of a postmodern world? I propose that this leader becomes a learner.

An effective modern leader will often focus on creating a TANGIBLE VISION and this is done through focused motivation, the setting of specific goals, and the monitoring of the ways in which (and extent to which) these goals are achieved within the organization.

In a modern organizational context, there is a style of leadership that focuses not so much on personal bravery in defending the organization against an external enemy as on the capacity of the leader (as manager) to instill organizational bravery in those with whom this leader works.

In the modern world, the role of leader merges with that of manager. The successful leader, in other words, is a successful manager—and management can be taught and managers can be created. Managers operating in modern organizations are not born into greatness nor do they necessarily need external forces (such as enemies) or auspicious circumstances (an appropriate vision at the …

A person is assigned this third form of leadership because he or she can articulate a vision of the future that is persuasive and motivating.

A person is assigned this form of leadership because the organization in which he or she works is confronting a major challenge (the enemy) that is very strong and quite menacing.

In its premodern form, there is a widely-present leadership style that is founded on WISDOM.